the intra-individual, caregiver/family-, community-, healthcare provider (HCP)- and policy-level factors). 12 From a socio-ecological perspective, these factors act on and cut across different levels (i.e. In addition to caregiver-related factors, studies demonstrated that structural factors such as poverty and food insecurity, 10 and health-systems related factors, for example, lack of comprehensive health services and limited access to health facilities, 11 were common challenges for paediatric HIV treatment in LMICs. 9 Research has demonstrated that multi-level factors beyond the characteristic of the medication itself influence acceptability, uptake and subsequently adherence. 8 While the precise contribution of acceptability to adherence is difficult to establish, 8 it is generally assumed that both user and product characteristics drive acceptability. ![]() 7 In addition, many acceptability studies of paediatric formulations, often seen as a precursor of adherence, have not been published. Consequently, viral suppression in children is often poor as evidenced by pool analysis of 10 countries where only 37% of children are virally suppressed. 5, 6 This wide range can be partly attributed to socio-cultural contextual influences and partly to the lack of standardized tools to assess paediatric adherence. Paediatric ART adherence levels vary from 49% to 100% in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). ![]() All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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